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Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index
The Gulf Stream separates from the US coast near Cape Hatteras (35°N, 75°W) and then travels eastwards across the North Atlantic, becoming the North Atlantic current at about 55°W. In the region between 75°W and 55°W it is subject to meanders and is frequently accompanied by eddies. The northern edge of the current is marked by a sharp fall in temperature. This is also the case at much greater depths, so that the warm current is pressed up against a wall of cold water, called the ‘north wall’. Monthly charts of the path of the north wall of the Gulf Stream have been available from surface, aircraft and satellite observations since 1966 and these have been used in several studies of the path’s variability.
==History==
In 1980, Taylor and Stephens()〔Taylor, A.H. and Stephens, J.A. (1980), "Latitudinal displacements of the Gulf Stream and their relation to changes in temperature and zooplankton abundance in the NE Atlantic". ''Oceanol. Acta '' 3, 145-149〕 constructed a measure of the latitude of the current, the Gulf Stream south wall (GSNW) index by extracting and analysing time-series of the latitude at six longitudes between 79°W and 65°W, a series of data that continues to the present day.〔Taylor, A.H. (2011). ''The Dance of Air and Sea: How Oceans, Weather and Life Link Together''. Oxford University Press, 288 pp〕 There have been other subsequent studies. In 1994, Drinkwater et al. examined the latitude of the north wall from the 1970s to 1992 at each degree of longitude from 50 to 75°W,〔Drinkwater, K.F., Myers, R.A., Pettipas, R.G. and Wright, T.L. (1994). "Climatic data for the northwest Atlantic: the position of the shelf / slope front and the northern boundary of the Gulf stream between 50°W and 75°W, 1973–1992". ''Can. Data Rep. Hydrogr. Ocean Sci''., 125, 103p〕 and Miller analysed the onshore/offshore position of the north wall at 10 cross-isobath transects equally spaced between 75 and 80°W from 1976 to 1988.〔Miller, J.L. (1994). "Fluctuations of Gulf Stream frontal position between Cape Hatteras and the Straits of Florida". ''J. Geophys. Res''. 99(C3), 5057-5064〕 Gangopadhyay et al. have derived a ten-year time series of the latitude of the separation of the Gulf Stream from the 1970s to the 1980s.〔Gangopadhyay A., Cornillon P., Watts R.D. (1992). "A test of the Parsons-Veronis hypothesis on the separation of the Gulf Stream". ''Journal of Physical Oceanography'', 22, 1286-1301〕 By applying empirical orthogonal function analysis to temperatures at 200 metres, Joyce et al. in 2001 constructed a similar index to the GSNW index extending back to the 1950s.〔Joyce, T.M., C. Deser and M.A. Spall. (2000). "On the relation between decadal variability of subtropical Mode Water and the North Atlantic Oscillation", ''J. Climate'', 13, 2550-2569〕
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